Resumen de estudios que documentan las repercusiones de la observación de ballenas

Resumen de los estudios que documentan los efectos de la observación de ballenas en los individuos o las poblaciones de ballenas y delfines

Adaptado y actualizado de Parsons, 2012 [1]  Última actualización: Julio 2018

Efecto

Especie

Referencia

Variación de la emersión/inmersión

Delfín mular común, Tursiops truncatus

[2-4]

 

Delfín mular del Indo-Pacífico, Tursiops aduncus

[5, 6]

 

Delfín jorobado del Indo-Pacífico, Sousa teuszii

[7]

 

Costero, Sotalia guianensis

[8]

 

Orca, Orcinus orca

[9]

 

Ballena jorobada, Megaptera novaeangliae

[10]

 

Rorcual común, Balaenoptera physalus

[11]

 

Cachalote, Physeter macrocephalus

[12, 13]

 

 

 

Variación de la velocidad de nado

Delfín mular del Indo-Pacífico, Tursiops aduncus

[6]

 

Delfín girador, Stenella longirostris

[14]

 

Orca, Orcinus orca

[9, 15]

 

Ballena jorobada, Megaptera novaeangliae

[16]

 

 

 

Variación de la dirección de nado

Delfín mular común, Tursiops truncatus

[17, 18]

 

Delfín mular del Indo-Pacífico, Tursiops aduncus

[5]

 

Delfín jorobado del Indo-Pacífico, Sousa teuszii

[7]

 

Delfín girador, Stenella longirostris

[19, 20]

 

Costero, Sotalia guianensis

[21]

 

Orca, Orcinus orca

[9, 15, 22]

 

Ballena jorobada, Megaptera novaeangliae

[23, 24]

 

Ballena gris, Eschrichtius robustus

[25]

 

Cachalote, Physeter macrocephalus

[13]

 

 

 

Aumento de los saltos, del golpeo de la cola

Delfín mular común, Tursiops truncatus

[26]

 

Tonina overa, Cephalorhynchus commersonii

[27]

 

Delfín girador, Stenella longirostris

[28]

 

Orca, Orcinus orca

[29]

 

Ballena jorobada, Megaptera novaeangliae

[23, 30]

 

 

 

Variación de la vocalización

Delfín mular común, Tursiops truncatus

[31-35]

 

Orca, Orcinus orca

[36]

 

Ballena jorobada, Megaptera novaeangliae

[37, 38]

 

Cachalote, Physeter macrocephalus

[13]

 

 

 

Variación del tamaño o la cohesión del grupo

Delfín mular común, Tursiops truncatus

[17, 18, 34]

 

Delfín mular del Indo-Pacífico, Tursiops aduncus

[39]

 

Costero, Sotalia guianensis

[8]

 

 

 

Alteración de la alimentación o del descanso

Delfín mular común, Tursiops truncatus

[40-47]

 

Delfín mular del Indo-Pacífico, Tursiops aduncus

[39, 48, 49]

 

Delfín mular australiano, Tursiops australis

[50-52]

 

Delfín común, Delphinus sp.

[53, 54]

 

Costero, Sotalia guianensis

[55]

 

Delfín oscuro, Lagenorhynchus obscurus

[27, 56, 57]

 

Tonina overa, Cephalorhynchus commersonii

[27]

 

Delfín de Risso, Grampus griseus

[58]

 

Orca, Orcinus orca

[59, 60]

 

Ballena jorobada, Megaptera novaeangliae

[61]

 

Ballena Minke, Balaenoptera acutorostrata

[62]

 

Ballena franca austral, Eubalaena australis

[63]

 

 

 

Disminuciones de población o cambios relacionados con las actividades de observación de ballenas

Delfín mular común, Tursiops truncatus

[64-66]

 

Delfín mular del Indo-Pacífico, Tursiops aduncus

[49]

 

Delfín mular australiano, Tursiops australis

[51]

 

Volver al comienzo ↑

Referencias

Mostrar/Ocultar referencias
  1. Parsons, E., The negative impacts of whale-watching. Journal of Marine Biology, 2012. 2012.
  2. Janik, V.M. and P.M. Thompson, Changes in surfacing patterns of bottlenose dolphins in response to boat traffic. Marine mammal science, 1996. 12(4): p. 597-602.
  3. Hastie, G.D., et al., Bottlenose dolphins increase breathing synchrony in response to boat traffic. Marine Mammal Science, 2003. 19(1): p. 74-84.
  4. Lusseau, D., The short-term behavioral reactions of Bottlenose dolphins to interaction with boats in Doubtful Sound, New Zealand. Marine Mammal Science, 2006. 22(4): p. 802-818.
  5. Stensland, E. and P. Berggren, Behavioural changes in female Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins in response to boat-based tourism. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 2007. 332: p. 225-234.
  6. Matsuda, N., M. Shirakihara, and K. Shirakihara, Effects of dolphin-watching boats on the behavior of Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins off Amakusa-Shimoshima Island, Japan. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi, 2011. 77(1): p. 8-14.
  7. Ng, S.L. and S. Leung, Behavioral response of Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin (Sousa chinensis) to vessel traffic. Marine Environmental Research, 2003. 56: p. 555-567.
  8. do Valle, A.L. and F.C.C. Melo, Behavioral alterations in the gray dolphin Sotalia guianensis (Gervais, 1953) caused by sea traffic. Biotemas, 2006. 19(1): p. 75-80.
  9. Williams, R., et al., Effects of vessels on behaviour patterns of individual southern resident killer whales Orcinus orca. Endangered Species Research, 2009. 6(3): p. 199-209.
  10. Corkeron, P.J., Humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) in Hervey Bay, Queensland: behaviour and responses to whale-watching vessels. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 1995. 73(7): p. 1290-1299.
  11. Stone, G., et al., Respiration and surfacing rates of fin whales (Balaenoptera physalus) observed from a lighthouse tower. Report of the International Whaling Commission, 1992. 42: p. 739-745.
  12. Gordon, J., et al., Effects of whale-watching vessels on the surface and underwater acoustic behaviour of sperm whales off Kaikoura, New Zealand, in Science & Research Series No. 52. 1992, Department of Conservation: Wellington, New Zealand.
  13. Richter, C., S. Dawson, and E. Slooten, Impacts of commercial whale watching on male sperm whales at Kaikoura, New Zealand. Marine Mammal Science, 2006. 22(1): p. 46-63.
  14. Timmel, G., et al., Effects of human traffic on the movement patterns of Hawaiian spinner dolphins (Stenella longirostris) in Kealakekua Bay, Hawaii. Aquatic Mammals, 2008. 34(4): p. 402.
  15. Williams, R., A.W. Trites, and D.E. Bain, Behavioural responses of killer whales (Orcinus orca) to whale-watching boats: opportunistic observations and experimental approaches. Journal of Zoology, 2002. 256(2): p. 255-270.
  16. Scheidat, M., et al., Behavioural responses of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) to whalewatching boats near Isla de la Plata, Machalilla National Park, Ecuador. Journal of Cetacean Research and Management, 2004. 6(1): p. 63-68.
  17. Bejder, L., et al., Interpreting short-term behavioural responses to disturbance within a longitudinal perspective. Animal Behaviour, 2006. 72(5): p. 1149-1158.
  18. Mattson, M.C., J. Thomas, and D. St. Aubin, Effects of Boat Activity on the Behavior of Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in Waters Surrounding Hilton Head Island, South Carolina. Aquatic Mammals, 2005. 31(1).
  19. Leung, C.C.M., et al., Petroleum hydrocarbons, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in tissues of Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin from south China waters. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2005. 50: p. 1713-1744.
  20. Delfour, F., Hawaiian spinner dolphins and the growing dolphin watching activity in Oahu. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 2007. 87(1): p. 109-112.
  21. Filla, G.d.F. and E.L.d.A. Monteiro-Filho, Monitoring tourism schooners observing estuarine dolphins (Sotalia guianensis) in the Estuarine Complex of Cananéia, south-east Brazil. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 2009. 19(7): p. 772-778.
  22. Williams, R. and E. Ashe, Killer whale evasive tactics vary with boat number. Journal of Zoology, 2007. 272(4): p. 390-397.
  23. Stamation, K.A., et al., Behavioral responses of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) to whale-watching vessels on the southeastern coast of Australia. Marine Mammal Science, 2010. 26(1): p. 98 - 122.
  24. Schaffar, A., et al., Behavioural effects of whale-watching activities on an Endangered population of humpback whales wintering in New Caledonia. Endangered Species Research, 2013. 19(3): p. 245-254.
  25. Heckel, G., et al., The influence of whalewatching on the behaviour of migrating gray whales (Eschrictius robustus) in Todos Santos Bay and surrounding waters, Baja California, Mexico. Journal of Cetacean Research and Management, 2001. 3(3): p. 227-238.
  26. Lusseau, D., The short-term behaioural reactions of bottelnose dolphins to interactions with boats in Doubtful Sound, New Zealand. Marine Mammal Science, 2006. 22(4): p. 802-818.
  27. Coscarella, M.A., et al., Potential impact of unregulated dolphin watching activities in Patagonia. Journal of Cetacean Research and Management, 2003. 5(1): p. 77-84.
  28. Courbis, S. and G. Timmel, Effects of vessels and swimmers on behavior of Hawaiian spinner dolphins (Stenella longirostris) in Kealake‘akua, Honaunau, and Kauhako Bays, Hawai‘i. Marine Mamal Science, 2009. 25(2): p. 430-440.
  29. Noren, D.P., et al., Close approaches by vessels elicit surface active behaviors by southern resident killer whales. Endangered Species Research, 2009. 8(3): p. 179-192.
  30. Kessler, M., R. Harcourt, and G. Heller, Swimming with whales in Tonga: Sustainable use or threatening process? Marine Policy, 2013. 39(Supplement C): p. 314-316.
  31. Buckstaff, K.C., Effects of watercraft noise on the acoustic behavior of bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops truncatus, in Sarasota Bay, Florida. Marine Mammal Science, 2004. 20(4): p. 709-725.
  32. Scarpaci, C., et al., Bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) increase whistling in the presence of 'swim-with-the-dolphin' tour operations. Journal of Cetacean Research and Management, 2000. 2(3): p. 183-187.
  33. Luís, A.R., M.N. Couchinho, and M.E. dos Santos, Changes in the acoustic behavior of resident bottlenose dolphins near operating vessels. Marine Mammal Science, 2014. 30(4): p. 1417-1426.
  34. Guerra, M., et al., Effects of boats on the surface and acoustic behaviour of an endangered population of bottlenose dolphins. Endangered Species Research, 2014. 24(3): p. 221-236.
  35. May-Collado, L.J. and S.G. Quiñones-Lebrón, Dolphin changes in whistle structure with watercraft activity depends on their behavioral state. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 2014. 135(4): p. EL193-EL198.
  36. Foote, A.D., R.W. Osborne, and A.R. Hoelzel, Whale-call response to masking boat noise. Nature, 2006. 248: p. 910.
  37. Sousa-Lima, R.S. and C.W. Clark, Modeling the effect of boat traffic on hte fluctuation of humpback whale singing activity in the Abrolhos National Marine Park, Brazil. Canadian Acoustics, 2008. 36(1): p. 174-181.
  38. Rossi-Santos, M.R., Whale-watching noise effects on the behavior of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) in the Brazilian breeding ground. Proceedings of Meetings on Acoustics, 2016. 27(1): p. 1-11.
  39. Steckenreuter, A., L. Möller, and R. Harcourt, How does Australia’s largest dolphin-watching industry affect the behaviour of a small and resident population of Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins? Journal of Environmental Management, 2012. 97(Supplement C): p. 14-21.
  40. Allen, M.C. and A.J. Read, Habitat selection of foraging bottlenose dolphins in relation to boat density near Clearwater, Florida. Marine Mammal Science, 2000. 16(4): p. 815-824.
  41. Lusseau, D.L., The effects of tour boats on the behavior of bottlenose dolphins: Using Markov chains to model anthropogenic impacts. Conservation Biology, 2003. 17(6): p. 1785-1793.
  42. Constantine, R., D.H. Brunton, and T. Dennis, Dolphin-watching tour boats change bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) behaviour. Biological Conservation, 2004. 117: p. 299-307.
  43. Arcangeli, A. and R. Crosti, The short-term impact of dolphin-watching on the behaviour of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in western Australia. Journal of Marine Animals and Their Ecology, 2009. 2(1): p. 3-9.
  44. Pirotta, E., et al., Quantifying the effect of boat disturbance on bottlenose dolphin foraging activity. Biological Conservation, 2015. 181: p. 82-89.
  45. Papale, E., M. Azzolin, and C. Giacoma, Vessel traffic affects bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) behaviour in waters surrounding Lampedusa Island, south Italy. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 2011. 92(8): p. 1877-1885.
  46.  Kassamali-Fox, A., et al., Using Markov chains to model the impacts of the dolphin watching industry on the dolphin community of Dolphin Bay, Bocas del Toro, Panama. Document presented to the Scientific Committee of the International Whaling Commission, 2015. SC/66a/WW11: p. 8.
  47. Sitar, A., et al., The effects of whalewatching vessels on the behavior of common bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in Bocas Del Toro, Panama. Document presented to the Scientific Committee of the International Whaling Commission, 2015. SC/66a/WW12: p. 34.
  48. Christiansen, F., et al., Effects of tourist boats on the behaviour of Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins off the south coast of Zanzibar. Endangered Species Research, 2010. 11: p. 91-99.
  49. Pérez-Jorge, S., et al., Effects of nature-based tourism and environmental drivers on the demography of a small dolphin population. Biological Conservation, 2016. 197: p. 200-208.
  50. Peters, K.J., et al., First insights into the effects of swim-with-dolphin tourism on the behavior, response, and group structure of southern Australian bottlenose dolphins. Marine Mammal Science, 2013. 29(4): p. E484-E497.
  51. Filby, N.E., K.A. Stockin, and C. Scarpaci, Long-term responses of Burrunan dolphins (Tursiops australis) to swim-with dolphin tourism in Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, Australia: A population at risk. Global Ecology and Conservation, 2014. 2: p. 62-71.
  52. Scarpaci, C., D. Nugegoda, and P.J. Corkeron, Nature-based Tourism and the Behaviour of Bottlenose Dolphins' Tursiops' Spp. in Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, Australia. Victorian Naturalist, The, 2010. 127(3): p. 64.
  53. Stockin, K., et al., Tourism affects the behavioural budget of the common dolphin Delphinus sp. in the Hauraki Gulf, New Zealand. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 2008. 355: p. 287-295.
  54. Meissner, A.M., et al., Behavioural effects of tourism onoceanic common dolphins, Delphinus sp., in New Zealand: The effects of markov analysis variations and current tour operator compliance with regulations. PLOS ONE, 2015. 10(1): p. e0116962.
  55. Carrera, M.L., E.G.P. Favaro, and A. Souto, The response of marine tucuxis (Sotalia fluviatilis) towards tourist boats involves avoidance behaviour and a reduction in foraging. Animal Welfare, 2008. 17: p. 117-123.
  56. Dans, S.L., et al., Dusky dolphin and tourist interaction: effect on diurnal feeding behavior. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 2008. 369: p. 287-296.
  57. Lundquist, D., N.J. Gemmell, and B. Würsig, Behavioural Responses of Dusky Dolphin Groups (Lagenorhynchus obscurus) to Tour Vessels off Kaikoura, New Zealand. PLOS ONE, 2012. 7(7): p. e41969.
  58. Visser, F., et al., Risso's dolphins alter daily resting pattern in response to whale watching at the Azores. Marine Mammal Science, 2011. 27(2): p. 366-381.
  59. Williams, R., D. Lusseau, and P.S. Hammond, Estimating relative energetic costs of human disturbance to killer whales (Orcinus orca). Biological Conservation, 2006. 133(3): p. 301-311.
  60. Lusseau, D., et al., Vessel traffic disrupts the foraging behavior of southern resident killer whales Orcinus orca. Endangered Species Research, 2009. 6(3): p. 211-221.
  61. Stamation, K.A., et al., Observations of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) feeding during their southward migration along the coast of southeastern New South Wales, Australia: Identification of a possible supplemental feeding ground. Aquatic Mammals, 2007. 32(2): p. 165-174.
  62. Christiansen, F., M. Rasmussen, and D. Lusseau, Whale watching disrupts feeding activities of minke whales on a feeding ground. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 2013. 478: p. 239-251.
  63. Lundquist, D., et al., Response of southern right whales to simulated swim-with-whale tourism at Península Valdés, Argentina. Marine Mammal Science, 2013. 29(2): p. E24-E45.
  64. Tezanos-Pinto, G., et al., Decline in local abundance of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in the Bay of Islands, New Zealand. Marine Mammal Science, 2013: p. n/a-n/a.
  65. Bejder, L., et al., Decline in relative abundance of bottlenose dolphins exposed to long-term disturbance. Conservation Biology, 2006. 20(6): p. 1791-1798.
  66. Tezanos-Pinto, G., et al., High calf mortality in bottlenose dolphins in the Bay of Islands, New Zealand–a local unit in decline. Marine Mammal Science, 2015. 31(2): p. 540-559.

Volver al comienzo ↑

Compartir esta página!

X

Comparte esta página con tus amigos en las redes sociales: